Global Warming & Regulatory Policies: A Matter of Life rather than Money

John Stearman and Frank Ackerman

Global Warming And Regulatory Policies:
A Matter of Life rather than Money

Nipawin - Monday, February 25, 2002 - by: Mario deSantis

"What human beings want is not oil or coal, or even gasoline or electricity per se, but the services that those energy sources provide."

Reddy et al (2000), Energy and Social Issues, in 'World Energy Assessment: energy and the challenge of sustainablility', UNDP

explanation
of
global
warming

I don't know much about biology and chemistry and about many things. But with the flawed Bush's alternative policy to the Kyoto's treaty to contain global warming, we must all try to understand what is happening, not only to our so called static (or statistical) economy of the Free Market, but also to our ecological (or dynamic) economy of our lives. Therefore, I am going to provide the explanation of global warming by referring to some excerpts from the outstanding book "Business Dynamics" by Professor John Sterman of MIT. Also, I am going to refer to the conceptual flaw of using the 'cost-benefit method for making decisions on environment protection policies by including excerpts from the intelligent paper "Pricing the Priceless: Cost-Benefit Analysis of Environmental Protection" by Lisa Heinzerling and Frank Ackerman of Georgetown University Law Center.

Excerpts from: System Dynamics in Action:

Global Warming. Section 7.2 of Business Dynamics,
by John D. Sterman (2000)

balance
of
incoming
and
reflected
rediation
...The earth is a warm mass surrounded by the cold of space and like such masses emits

so-called black body radiation whose frequency distribution and intensity depends on its

surface temperature. The warmer the mass. The more energy it radiates. Incoming solar

energy warms the earth. As it warms, more energy is radiated back into space. The

temperature rises until the earth is just warm enough for the energy radiated back to

space to balance the incoming solar energy.

atmosphere's
composition
determines
energy
trapped
in
atmosphere
The amount of energy radiated back into space depends on the composition of the

atmosphere. Greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as carbon dioxide and methane trap some

of the energy radiated by the earth, instead of allowing it to escape into space. Thus an

increase in GHGs causes the earth to warm... Natural processes have caused the

concentration of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the atmosphere to fluctuate significantly over

geological time, and surface temperatures have fluctuated with it. Human activity has now

reached a scale where it can affect these [natural] processes... Atmospheric concentrations

of CO₂ and other GHGs including nitrous oxide (N₂O), methane (CH₄),

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorinated carbons

(PFCs), and others have been growing exponentially, with concentrations of CO₂, N₂O,

and CH₄ up by 30, 15, and 145%, respectively, since 1800.Mean global surface

temperatures are about 0.5 to 1⁰C warmer today. By comparison, the mean global

temperature during the last ice age, when sheets of ice 1000 feet thick covered much of

the northern hemisphere, was about 5⁰C colder than today... In 1995, the UN sponsored

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that global warming was

indeed occurring, and that human activity was responsible, stating "The balance of evidence

suggests a discernible human influence on climate" (IPCC 1996). Through the UN

Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) various nations are negotiating

limits to GHG emissions, though compliance remains elusive..

Excerpt from Pricing the Priceless:

Cost-Benefit Analysis of Environmental Protection.
Executive Summary.
By Lisa Heinzerling and Frank Ackerman

biased
and
misleading
In recent years the use of "cost-benefit" analysis to set environmental standards has attracted a large and high-profile group of supporters. According to its advocates, cost-benefit analysis offers a way of achieving superior environmental results at a lower overall cost to society than other available approaches. This view is mistaken. Cost-benefit analysis is a deeply flawed method that repeatedly leads to biased and misleading results... In order to assess the pros and cons of any particular regulatory standard, cost-benefit analysis seeks to translate all relevant considerations into monetary terms... The costs and (particularly) the benefits of regulation often will be realized in the future; in such cases the numeric estimates of costs and benefits are "discounted," i.e. treated as equivalent to smaller amounts of money today.

life,
health
and
nature
can not
be given
a dollar
value
Proponents of cost-benefit analysis make two basic arguments in its favor. First, use of cost-benefit analysis ostensibly leads to more "efficient" allocation of society's resources by better identifying which potential regulatory actions are worth undertaking and in what fashion. Advocates of cost-benefit analysis also contend that this method produces more objective and more transparent government decision-making by making more explicit the assumptions and methods underlying regulatory actions... In fact, cost-benefit analysis is incapable of delivering what it promises. First, cost-benefit analysis cannot produce more efficient decisions because the process of reducing life, health, and the natural world to monetary values is inherently flawed... Cost-benefit analysis also ignores the fact that citizens are concerned about risks to their families and others as well as themselves, ignores the fact that market decisions are generally very different from political decisions, and ignores the incomparability of many different types of risks to human life. The kinds of problems which arise in attempting to define the value of human life in monetary terms also arise in evaluating the benefits of protecting human health and the environment in general.

trivialize
risk
Second, the use of discounting systematically and improperly downgrades the importance of environmental regulation... discounting tends to trivialize long-term environmental risks, minimizing the very real threat our society faces from potential catastrophes and irreversible environmental harms, such as those posed by global warming and nuclear waste.

ignores
victims
Third, cost-benefit analysis ignores the question of who suffers as a result of environmental problems and, therefore, threatens to reinforce existing patterns of economic and social inequality...

objectivity
Finally, cost-benefit analysis fails to produce the greater objectivity and transparency promised by its proponents...

encourage
smoking
causes early
death - good!
Real-world examples of cost-benefit analysis demonstrate the strange lengths to which this flawed method can be taken. For example, the consulting group Arthur D. Little, in a study for the Czech Republic, concluded that encouraging smoking among Czech citizens was beneficial to the government because it caused citizens to die earlier and thus reduced government expenditures on pensions, housing, and health care... cost-benefit analysis should be rejected as a tool for evaluating environmentally protective regulation.

References:

Business Dynamics- New system dynamics text book with CD-ROM models and simulation software, J. Spencer Standish Professor of Management, Director, MIT System Dynamics Group http://web.mit.edu/jsterman/www/BusDyn2.html

Pricing the Priceless: Cost-Benefit Analysis of Environmental Protection. By Lisa Heinzerling and Frank Ackerman, Georgetown Environmental Law and Policy Institute, Georgetown University Law Center, January/February 2002 http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/envronmt/2002/CostBen2002.htm

Sites related to Global Warming:

Climate Ark - The Premier Climate Change & Renewable Energy Portal http://www.climateark.org/vital/impacts.htm

International Institute for Sustainable Development http://www.iisd.org/climatechange.htm

A Primer on Climate Change http://www.ec.gc.ca/climate/primer/sec-6.htm

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change http://www.ipcc.ch/

Canada's Greenhouse Gas Emissions http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/communications/cc2000/html/ghg_emissions.html

United Nations Framework Convention Climate Change http://unfccc.int/issues/index.html

Where does Canada Stack up?


		John Stearman and Frank Ackerman
Global Warming And Regulatory Policies: A Matter of Life rather than Money

Nipawin - Monday, February 25, 2002 - by: Mario deSantis
		`"What human beings want is not oil or coal, or even gasoline or electricity per se, but the services that those energy sources provide."` Reddy et al (2000), Energy and Social Issues, in 'World Energy Assessment: energy and the challenge of sustainablility', UNDP

explanation of global warming		I don't know much about biology and chemistry and about many things. But with the flawed Bush's alternative policy to the Kyoto's treaty to contain global warming, we must all try to understand what is happening, not only to our so called static (or statistical) economy of the Free Market, but also to our ecological (or dynamic) economy of our lives. Therefore, I am going to provide the explanation of global warming by referring to some excerpts from the outstanding book "Business Dynamics" by Professor John Sterman of MIT. Also, I am going to refer to the conceptual flaw of using the 'cost-benefit method for making decisions on environment protection policies by including excerpts from the intelligent paper "Pricing the Priceless: Cost-Benefit Analysis of Environmental Protection" by Lisa Heinzerling and Frank Ackerman of Georgetown University Law Center.

	Excerpts from: System Dynamics in Action: Global Warming. Section 7.2 of Business Dynamics, by John D. Sterman (2000)
balance of incoming and reflected rediation		...The earth is a warm mass surrounded by the cold of space and like such masses emits
		so-called black body radiation whose frequency distribution and intensity depends on its
		surface temperature. The warmer the mass. The more energy it radiates. Incoming solar
		energy warms the earth. As it warms, more energy is radiated back into space. The
		temperature rises until the earth is just warm enough for the energy radiated back to
		space to balance the incoming solar energy.

atmosphere's composition determines energy trapped in atmosphere		The amount of energy radiated back into space depends on the composition of the
		atmosphere. Greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as carbon dioxide and methane trap some
		of the energy radiated by the earth, instead of allowing it to escape into space. Thus an
		increase in GHGs causes the earth to warm... Natural processes have caused the
		concentration of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the atmosphere to fluctuate significantly over
		geological time, and surface temperatures have fluctuated with it. Human activity has now
		reached a scale where it can affect these [natural] processes... Atmospheric concentrations
		of CO₂ and other GHGs including nitrous oxide (N₂O), methane (CH₄),
		chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorinated carbons
		(PFCs), and others have been growing exponentially, with concentrations of CO₂, N₂O,
		and CH₄ up by 30, 15, and 145%, respectively, since 1800.Mean global surface
		temperatures are about 0.5 to 1⁰C warmer today. By comparison, the mean global
		temperature during the last ice age, when sheets of ice 1000 feet thick covered much of
		the northern hemisphere, was about 5⁰C colder than today... In 1995, the UN sponsored
		Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that global warming was
		indeed occurring, and that human activity was responsible, stating "The balance of evidence
		suggests a discernible human influence on climate" (IPCC 1996). Through the UN
		Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) various nations are negotiating
		limits to GHG emissions, though compliance remains elusive..



	Excerpt from Pricing the Priceless: Cost-Benefit Analysis of Environmental Protection. Executive Summary. By Lisa Heinzerling and Frank Ackerman
biased and misleading		In recent years the use of "cost-benefit" analysis to set environmental standards has attracted a large and high-profile group of supporters. According to its advocates, cost-benefit analysis offers a way of achieving superior environmental results at a lower overall cost to society than other available approaches. This view is mistaken. Cost-benefit analysis is a deeply flawed method that repeatedly leads to biased and misleading results... In order to assess the pros and cons of any particular regulatory standard, cost-benefit analysis seeks to translate all relevant considerations into monetary terms... The costs and (particularly) the benefits of regulation often will be realized in the future; in such cases the numeric estimates of costs and benefits are "discounted," i.e. treated as equivalent to smaller amounts of money today.

life, health and nature can not be given a dollar value		Proponents of cost-benefit analysis make two basic arguments in its favor. First, use of cost-benefit analysis ostensibly leads to more "efficient" allocation of society's resources by better identifying which potential regulatory actions are worth undertaking and in what fashion. Advocates of cost-benefit analysis also contend that this method produces more objective and more transparent government decision-making by making more explicit the assumptions and methods underlying regulatory actions... In fact, cost-benefit analysis is incapable of delivering what it promises. First, cost-benefit analysis cannot produce more efficient decisions because the process of reducing life, health, and the natural world to monetary values is inherently flawed... Cost-benefit analysis also ignores the fact that citizens are concerned about risks to their families and others as well as themselves, ignores the fact that market decisions are generally very different from political decisions, and ignores the incomparability of many different types of risks to human life. The kinds of problems which arise in attempting to define the value of human life in monetary terms also arise in evaluating the benefits of protecting human health and the environment in general.

trivialize risk		Second, the use of discounting systematically and improperly downgrades the importance of environmental regulation... discounting tends to trivialize long-term environmental risks, minimizing the very real threat our society faces from potential catastrophes and irreversible environmental harms, such as those posed by global warming and nuclear waste.

ignores victims		Third, cost-benefit analysis ignores the question of who suffers as a result of environmental problems and, therefore, threatens to reinforce existing patterns of economic and social inequality...

objectivity		Finally, cost-benefit analysis fails to produce the greater objectivity and transparency promised by its proponents...

encourage smoking causes early death - good!		Real-world examples of cost-benefit analysis demonstrate the strange lengths to which this flawed method can be taken. For example, the consulting group Arthur D. Little, in a study for the Czech Republic, concluded that encouraging smoking among Czech citizens was beneficial to the government because it caused citizens to die earlier and thus reduced government expenditures on pensions, housing, and health care... cost-benefit analysis should be rejected as a tool for evaluating environmentally protective regulation.

References:
		Business Dynamics- New system dynamics text book with CD-ROM models and simulation software, J. Spencer Standish Professor of Management, Director, MIT System Dynamics Group http://web.mit.edu/jsterman/www/BusDyn2.html

		Pricing the Priceless: Cost-Benefit Analysis of Environmental Protection. By Lisa Heinzerling and Frank Ackerman, Georgetown Environmental Law and Policy Institute, Georgetown University Law Center, January/February 2002 http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/envronmt/2002/CostBen2002.htm

Sites related to Global Warming:
		Climate Ark - The Premier Climate Change & Renewable Energy Portal http://www.climateark.org/vital/impacts.htm

		International Institute for Sustainable Development http://www.iisd.org/climatechange.htm

		A Primer on Climate Change http://www.ec.gc.ca/climate/primer/sec-6.htm

		Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change http://www.ipcc.ch/

		Canada's Greenhouse Gas Emissions http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/communications/cc2000/html/ghg_emissions.html

		United Nations Framework Convention Climate Change http://unfccc.int/issues/index.html



Where does Canada Stack up?